It is true that matter in a medium through which light propagates will increase the length of a light…
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Speed of Light in a Gravitational Field
I believe that this question has been answered, in a rather general sense, in my answer to “Is the…

An Interferometer as a Quantum Mechanical Signal Measurement System
I think that the key fact is that the traditional Maxwellian electromechanical (EM) wave interfering with itself after traveling…

Can the Northern Lights Be Observed During a Summertime Solar Eclipse
The Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis/Australis) are only visible at night (or, strictly speaking, when the Sun is not up…

Is Jupiter a Failed Star?
It would be an exaggeration to call Jupiter a failed star as its mass is far from being large…

Proton-Proton Cycle Question: Why is the Mass of a Helium Nucleus Less Than the Sum of Four Hydrogen Nuclei?
Let’s do the calculation using atomic mass units (u) for the Hydrogen and Helium atoms involved. H = 1.00784…