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Angle Between Two Points on a Sphere
I think what you want to use are two laws of cosines. I believe that the solution to the…

Does Instantaneous Communication Violate Any Physical Laws?
Yes. The speed of light is a fundamental limit to the speed at which any communication signal can travel. …

Difference Between “Magnitude” and “Scalar”
These two terms are used in multiple contexts throughout the physical sciences, but their most common usage is to…

Does the Force Felt by a Person on the Surface of the Earth Vary with Lunar Phase?
If you ignore the small variations in the Moon’s orbit (which amount to about 10% of the distance to…

Is the Amount of Refraction that a Star Experiences Dependent Upon its Brightness or Diameter?
Your calculations are correct in that the Sun is refracted by an amount that is close to its diameter…